Appendix 1. Overcoming the psychological inertia.

i) Denial of special terminology: - Substitution of special terminology by functional one, then by "children's" terms, and then by "things". - Substitution of special formulations of functions by generalized formulations, and then by "work out".

ii) Dimension-Time-Cost Operator: - Treatment of mental change of dimensions towards the object of function. - Treatment of mental modification of time towards the action (function). - Treatment of mental modification of cost towards the function carrier with simultaneous rejection of terminology.

Appendix 2. Template for technical contradictions removal:

1. Determine the parameter of the system, whose improvement leads to elimination of the UDE.

2. Disclose known method for improvement of this parameter.

3. Designate the parameter which changes to the worse, as a result of application of the known method.

4. Convert problem statement at the step 3 into one of the technical contradiction between two different performance parameters.

5. Match these two performance considerations to any two of the typical 39 engineering parameters of the Altshuller's matrix [1,2,13]:

- the improved parameter - row;

- the parameter that gets worse - column;

6. Find in the cell, formed by the chosen row and column, the numbers of recommended solution principles to the contradiction of these two parameters using the Altshuller's matrix.

7. Look up the solution principles in the list of solution principles.

(Thus, the two engineering parameters have numbers associated with them. Look at the corresponding row and column number's cell, that will have a list of numbers in the cell. These numbers in the cell are solution principle numbers.)

8. Convert this general solution principle into a working solution for your problem.

Appendix 3. Template for physical contradictions removal

1. Specify the substance - field resources of the system.

2. Specify the substance - field resources of the external media (environment).

3. Select the corresponding resource from the resources specification.

4. Formulate the resources actions (to perform function or to remove UDE).

5. Define the properties of the selected resource for required function realization (or UDE removal).

6. If UDE originates in this case, then the separation principles 1-5 are recommended (see the Appendix 5).

Appendix 4. Template for effect

1. Define the physical action (property, etc.), which is necessary to perform a function without the function carrier or to eliminate UDE if we use the function carrier.

2. Choose the suitable effect, phenomena, technical system and etc. for this action realization from the lists of physical, chemical, etc. effects and phenomena; or use TRIZ software like "IM-Phenomenon".

NOTE: If you have no access to the lists or software, use the following short register:

REGISTER OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS

1. Usage of liquid and gas properties.

a. Pressure in the liquids and gases transfers equally towards different directions. b. Carrying capacity acts on the object (body) immersed into liquid or gas. c. Volume of pushed out liquid is equal to the volume of immersed part of the body.

2. Usage of thermal expansion.

a. Change of the linear sizes of the body during the thermal expansion may be due to considerable efforts. b. Change of the body shape during the thermal expansion, occurs if the body consists of materials with different coefficient of thermal expansion.

3. Usage of shape memory effect.

Bodies from special alloys deformed under mechanical forces may fully reconstruct their shape during heating and may produce large forces.

4. Usage of phase transitions.

a. Phase transition of the first kind : the process of the density and aggregate state change of the body at the specified temperature which is accompanied by heat detachment or absorption.

b. Phase transition of the second kind : the process of jump like change of main body's properties (heat, heat-conductance, magnetic properties, fluidity, superfluity, plasticity, electrical conductivity, superconductivity and etc.) at the specified temperature and without energy exchange.

5. Usage of capillary phenomena.

a. Liquid flow under the influence of capillary forces in the capillaries and semi open channels (micro cracks and scratches). b. Dependence of the rise height of liquid inside the capillary from its size. c. Existence of the directed liquid flow inside the capillary and porous materials. The flow is directed towards the reduce the porous size. d. Velocity growth and rise height of liquid growth inside capillary under ultrasound influence.

6. Usage of the electrostatic fields.

Interaction between charged bodies (attraction in the case of the charge of the different sign and repulsion in the case of the same sign charge).

7. Usage of the magnetic liquids.

a. It is possible to manage the magnetic liquid migration with the help of magnetic field.

b. Change of viscosity and pseudo-density of the magnetic liquid in the magnetic field.

c. Immediate solidification of the magnetic liquid in the strong magnetic fields.

8. Usage of the piezoelectric effect.

a. Appearance of the electric charges of opposite sign on the opposite sides of some crystals under mechanical deformations, such as pressure, stretching . It is the direct effect. b. Opposite piezoelectric effect - the external electric field results in the mechanical deformation of such crystals.

9. Electrokinetic phenomena.

REGISTER OF PHYSICAL EFFECTS -CONTINUOS a. Electrophoresis - The movement of discursive particles, which are in the liquid or gas suspension, under the external electric field. b. Electroosmosis - The movement of the liquid through the capillaries or porous materials under the electric field.

10. Usage of electrolysis.

The chemical reactions take place in the electrolytes while the direct current runs through it. Herewith the electrolyte's positive ions move towards the cathode and negative ions - towards the anode. The products of chemical reduction are located on the cathode while the products of oxidation are on the anode.

11. Usage of the corona discharge.

a. Gas ionizes under the influence of the corona discharge. b. Dependence of the corona discharge parameters from the gas parameters (such as impurities, pressure, flow speed and so on). c. Dependence of the corona discharge parameters from the electrode shape and size.

12. Usage of the ferromagnetic.

a. Management of the ferromagnetic particles movement with the help of the magnetic field. b.Existence of the ferromagnetic self magnetic field. c. Screening of the magnetic field by ferromagnets. d. The sharp change of the magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic near some special temperature (Curie point). Over the Curie point the ferromagnetic transfers into the paramagnet. e. Influence of the mechanical deformation on the ferromagnetic properties.

13. Usage of phosphor.

Appearance of the luminescence under the influence (action) of radiation (optical, ultraviolet, infrared) on some specific substance (phosphor).

14. Usage of oscillations.

a. Change of interaction type between substances when the oscillations are initialized (vibration, infrasound, sound and ultrasound). b. Dependence of eigenfrequency of the system on its characteristics such as mass, size, stiffness and so on. c. Resonance - sharp rise of the oscillation amplitude under the coincidence of the system's eigenfrequency with the frequency of the forced oscillations.

15. Usage of foam.

Change of various physical substances properties (such as mass, size, volume at the low density, thermoisolation, sound absorption and shock wave absorption) and chemical properties change in the foamed condition.

16. Usage of the centrifugal forces.

The centrifugal force arises in the rotating system which acts on the elements of the system. This force depends on the mass of the body, its density and its linear velocity of rotation.

Appendix 5

MAIN PRINCIPLES OF THE PHYSICAL CONTRADICTIONS REMOVAL

1. Separation of the opposite requirements in space.

In the case where the resource’s element for UDE removal or for desired function realization must have some specific property and at the same moment must not have the same property (or it must have the opposite property) for non-originating extra UDE, one has to divide the opposite requirements in space by attaching the element of these opposite properties in the different places. To achieve this, one can use phase transitions, physical and chemical transformations, such as rise and disappearance (elimination), ionization with recombination, combination with decomposition and so on.

2. Separation of the opposite requirements in time.

In the case where the resource’s element for UDE removal or for desired function realization must have some specific property and at the same moment must not have the same property (or it must have the opposite property) for non-originating extra UDE, one has to divide the opposite requirements in time by attaching the element of these opposite properties during the different time intervals. To achieve this, one can use phase transitions, physical and chemical transformations, such as rise and disappearance (elimination), ionization with recombination, combination with decomposition and so on. The transition from one property to the opposite one is realized by the element itself.

3. Separation of the opposite requirements by the system transition.

In the case where the resource’s element for UDE removal or for desired function realization must have some specific property and at the same moment must not have the same property (or it must have the opposite property) for non-originating extra UDE, one has to divide the opposite requirements by system transition: attaching (temporarily or permanently) to the part of the element one of the opposite properties while the whole element would have the other property.

4. Separation of the opposite properties in ratio.

In the case where the resource’s element for UDE removal or for desired function realization must have some specific property and at the same moment must not have the same property (or it must have the opposite property) for non-originating extra UDE, one has to divide the opposite requirements in ratio by: attaching the element (temporarily or permanently) to the opposite properties relative to the other elements of the system or environment.

5. Separation of the opposite requirements by incorporating the extra element.

In the case where the resource’s element for UDE removal or for desired function realization must have some specific property and at the same moment must not have the same property (or it must have the opposite property) for non-originating extra UDE, one has to divide the opposite requirements by: incorporation (temporarily or permanently) some extra element inside the system and attaching it to one from the opposite properties (requirements). This might be done by phase transitions, physical and chemical transformations, such as rise and disappearance (elimination), ionization with recombination, combination with decomposition and so on. As an incorporated element, it is better to use something that already exists in the system or environment.

Appendix 6

FOUR GROUPS OF BASIC HINTS

1. Energy Lines.

Hint 1. Usage of the mechanical energy.

A. For required action realization use one of the types of mechanical energy. B. Use the substance for transforming mechanical energy into the required action. Mechanical fields types: pressure, Archimede forces, air- and hydro- static and dynamic forces, vibration, shock, gravitation and etc. .

Hint 2. Usage of the oscillation energy.

A. For required action realization use one of the types of oscillation energy. B. Use the substance for transforming acoustic energy into the required action. Acoustic fields types: sound, ultra and infra sound, resonance and etc. .

Hint 3. Usage of the thermal energy.

A. For required action realization use one of the types of thermal energy. B. Use the substance for transforming thermal energy into the required action. Thermal fields types: heating, cooling, shock and etc.

Hint 4. Usage of the chemical reactions energy.

A. For required action realization use one of the types of "chemical" field. B. Use the substance for transforming chemical energy into the required action. Chemical fields types: decomposition, dissolve, combustion, oxidization, insurrection, thermal reactions, absorption, transport reactions.

Hint 5. Usage of the electric energy.

A. For required action realization use one of the types of electric energy. B.Use the substance for transforming electric field energy into the required action. Electric fields types: electrostatic field, field of electric charge (or discharge) and etc. .

Hint 6. Usage of the magnetic energy.

A. For required action realization use one of the types of magnetic energy. B. Use the substance for transforming magnetic field energy into the required action. Magnetic fields types: magnetic and electromagnetic fields, magnetic field of electric current, electromagnetic waves.

2. Measurements

Hint 7. Denial from measurements.

Change the system so that it is not necessary now to hold measurements.

Hint 8. Substitution of the object of measurement by its model.

A. Substitute the direct operations under the measured object by operations under its model or picture. B. Use the optical combination between the object's image and it’s gauge for difference detection.

Hint 9. Replacement of the measurement process.

Replace the measurement process by consistent discovery of changes.

Hint 10. Synthesis of the measurement system.

A. Omit some field through the system, which might be detected easily, and then make a decision about modification in our system by the output change of this field. B. Use easily detected additions - the substance- reformer or the source of some easy detected field. Types of easy detected fields: acoustic, thermal, chemical smell, luminescent,...), electric, magnetic, ... Substances-reformers: ferromagnetic particles, luminophores, bubbles, foam, chemical indicators, etc.

3. Elimination of harmful interaction

Hint 11. Destruction of harmful interaction between substances.

A. Incorporate the third substance between the first and the second substances. As a rule, this third substance may be either the variation of the first (or the second) substance or their mixture. B. Incorporate the field which would neutralize this harmful interaction. Field types: mechanical, acoustic, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic and etc. . Types of substance variations: change of substance condition, decomposition, division, breaking, chemical compound ...

Hint 12. Destruction of harmful interaction between substance and field.

A. Incorporate some field, which would neutralize the harmful action of the first field on the substance. B. Incorporate substance, which would neutralize the harmful action. Types of fields: mechanical, acoustic, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic and etc. .

4. Transformation lines

Hint 13. Structurization.

A. From the homogeneous or disordered fields, used for function realization, turn into the inhomogeneous and ordered (in space and in time) fields. B. From the homogeneous or disordered substances, used for function realization, turn into the inhomogeneous and ordered (in space and in time) ones.

Hint 14. Coordination of action rhythms.

A. To coordinate (or vice versa) the action of the substance carrier of function with the eigen-frequency of the substance-object of function. B. To fill the pause during the one kind of action by another action.

Hint 15. Dynamization.

A. From the rigid structure of the substance-function carrier turn into soft, dynamic structure according to the line: Rigid object - ...- Flexible object - Quick object - Liquid - Gas - Field. B. From the field of direct action turn into the changing field, then to the impulse field.

Hint 16. Increase of the manipulation ability.

A. Parallel to the first field, necessary for the function realization, introduce into the system the second field, which can be managed easily. It is useful to incorporate the field and the energy reformer substance, which can realize the control functions under the substance (a carrier of the necessary function). Field types: mechanical, acoustic, thermal, chemical, electric, magnetic.

FOUR GROUPS OF BASIC HINTS -CONTINUOS

Hint 17. Macro/Micro-level transition.

A. Substitute the substance - function carrier which is used on macro-level by the substance - function carrier on a micro-level. B. From the mechanical fields turn into acoustic, electric, chemical and magnetic fields.

Hint 18. Turn into ferro - fields.

A. Substitution of the substance - function carrier by ferromagnetic substance that can transform the magnetic field energy into the desired action. B. From the rigid or quick ferromagnetic substance turn into the magnetic liquid.

Hint 19. Turn into over- system.

A. Temporarily or permanently combine function carriers for performance of similar functions. B. Temporarily or permanently combine function carriers for performance of different functions. C. Temporarily or permanently combine function carriers for performance of opposite functions.

NOTE: These hints are based on the Altshuller’s Standards [1,2]